Sublevel caving is a relatively safe mining method since the operations take place in small areas at a time and are highly mechanized. Parameters influencing full scale sublevel caving material. Ventilation is the primary method of clearing hazardous gases andor dust which are created from drilling and blasting activity e. It relies on the principle that ore is fragmented by blasting while the overlying host rock fractures and caves under the action of mine induced stresses and. It is a largescale mining method suitable for large ore bodies with a steep dip and a rock mass with a host rock in the hanging wall will fracture under controlled conditions. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of ore.
Mar 15, 2017 block gravity caving is a bulk underground mining method, which allows large lowgrade deposits to be mined underground. By 2005, underground development had commenced with plans to mine the. Sublevel caving mining method newtrax technologies inc. Kvhpm department of mining and mine surveying, royal institute of technology, stockholm, sweden received 1 november 1965 atraetthe following article contains a summary of the results obtained by theoretical calculations, model experiments and largescale. Longwall mining is a caving method particularly well adapted to horizontal seams, usually coal, at some depth. Design an appropriate mining method for extraction of ore. Method of underground mining sublevel caving on samariterbund. Methods of mining include stoping, caving, and various methods of working large deposits which, in addition to the method of actually breaking the ore, require elaborate and definite plans of, development of the orebody. Sublevel caving shields and their utilization in mining out disturbed thick. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on retreat. Jul 25, 2018 block caving a new mining method arises block caving is a new alternative method of developing new mines or extending the operation of open pits. Block caving is a gravitybased underground mining method that involves breaking up the rock mass located at depth into pieces.
Cut and fill 32 sublevel caving 30 sublevel stoping 29 the selected methods in both scenarios were then subjected to economic and environmental analysis. Pdf investigation into the behaviour of a support system. The alleged invention relates to the mining industry and can be used in underground mining of massive ore deposits, including kimberlite pipes in permafrost zones. Gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste in sublevel caving is a process more complicated than that which is used in bin flow. Sublevel caving technique free download as pdf file. Feb 10, 2018 black diamond drilling services australia database. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stopingunderground mining methods 1. Sublevel stoping, vertical retreat stoping, sublevel caving, and cutandfill mining are. Weak rock mass and poor flow of material can cause excessive ore loss and dilution in sublevel caving. This method is particularly suitable for lowgrade minerals or with disseminated mineralization.
Sublevel caving is the mining method used at these mines. Diavik diamond mine started open pit production in 2003. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main production levels. This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. By 2005, underground development had commenced with plans to mine the a154 and a418 pipes using backfill methods. The second section describes underground mining equipment, with particular focus on excavation machinery such as boomheaders, coal cutters, continuous miners and shearers. The invention discloses a sublevel fillmining method. Bullock, chap ters 43, 46 and 47 give valuable indepth information about the operations and the caving parameters, both in general and at lkab in particular. Block cavinga new mining method arises block caving is a new alternative method of developing new mines or extending the operation of open pits. Jul 21, 2016 caving methods of mining are varied and versatile and involve caving the ore andor the overlying rock. Block caving mining method 101 newtrax technologies inc provided the rock breaks successfully and the ore can be extracted evenly at desired draw points block caving is a high productivity method with low operating costs that allows a high degree of mechanization and capability of automation. By utilizing the natural angle of repose characteristics of caving ores and dry mine fill and according to medium hole drilling deviceadapted height and the orepermitted exposed area, space and time at present, sublevel mining is carried out from the bottom to the top in the openfield state and the dry mine fill is adopted for filling.
Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock 1. One of the most important aspects of underground hard rock mining is ventilation. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. Disintegration of ore and country rock takes place by natural mechanical. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. This method is usually considered as an alternate to sublevel caving when a lower dilution method is needed and where the rock is fairly competent. Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu.
Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. This method is usually undertaken when mining the orebody through an open. The uniformly distributed nature of generally 5mx3. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and read more. In this method, a face of considerable length a long face or wall is. This paper proposes a method to establish design parameters for an inclined deposit within a weak rock mass and evaluates its effectiveness through a case study. Mar 22, 2007 a method of underground mining operation. Way more information than you ever wanted on how to fell a tree. Other advantages are that the method can be adapted to orebodies of different shape, size, strength etc. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary. Method sublevel caving mining rock geology free 30. Different unit operations drilling, blasting, loading and transportation are performed in isolation with each other which leads to standardized procedures and safe operation. Block caving block caving is a large scale production mining method applicable to low grade, massive orebodies with.
Widely known method for sublevel caving see, for example, n. Cost of mining out blocks containing less than 70 000 tons of extractable coal is lower for nonmechanized methods, such as roomandpillars and sometimes longwalls. Subsidence of the surface normally occurs afterward. Capping should cave readily, and not arch, or the method may become very dangerous.
Sublevel caving slc is a mass mining method based upon the utilisation of gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock. Sublevel stoping, vertical retreat stoping, sublevel caving, and cutandfill mining are methods that usually can be applied under similar conditions. The production for a mine using sublevel stoping can range from 15 40 tonsemployeeshift, while one stope can produce greater than 25000 tons per month. In order to solve the problem of low production capacity and poor safety conditions of sublevel caving mining at the. This method involves undermining the orebody to make it collapse under its own weight into a series of chambers from which the ore extracted. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. Sublevel caving is one of many different methods for underground hard rock mining. Sublevel caving is one of the most advanced mining methods. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave.
Specific examples of cave mining techniques include block caving, panel caving, inclineddrawpoint caving, cut and fill mining, shrinkage stopping, sublevel longhole mining, roomandpillar mining and front caving. Apr 21, 20 sublevel caving past and future australian centre for. Caving 2018 advancing block and sublevel caving practices fourth international symposium on block and sublevel caving 2018 expressions of interest ground support 20 proceedings of the 7th international symposium on ground support in mining and underground construction. Otto richter, principal consultant at snowden, says. Parameters influencing full scale sublevel caving material recovery. Pdf longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved.
Black diamond drilling services australia database. The geometry, dimensions, and even operational constraints of sublevel caving cannot be selected at random but must be planned while respecting the characteristics of gravity flow of coarse materials. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it to progressively collapse under its own weight. It follows the same basic principles as the block caving mining method, but the caves are smaller in size and not as long lasting. Applicable only to large orebodieswith a height of more than 100 m which have a fairly uniform distribution of grade. Optimum sublevel height and drift spacing in sublevel cave. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping.
Sublevel caving has created through its possibilities of standardizing and mechanizing operations and equipment. Sublevel caving is a bulk mining method which is largely dependent upon the gravity flow characteristics of ore and waste rock. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. There is a wide selection of various underground mining methods. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Different unit operations drilling, blasting, loading and transportation are performed in isolation with each other which leads to standardized procedures. Jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Sublevel caving is an established practice for the exploitation of thick seams under weak and laminated roof strata and a number of attempts have been made in india to use this mining method for the extraction of thick seams under moderate roof strata. Caving methods of mining are varied and versatile and involve caving the ore andor the overlying rock. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Sublevel caving slc is an underground mass mining method used for extracting different types of ore from the earth crust. Eng mining engineering this dissertation will explore the process followed in the design of a sublevel open stope slos by using examples of actual stopes scheduled to be in production between august 2006 and february 2007.
Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Cave mining is typically used to mine copper, coppergold, iron and molybdenum. This method, otherwise referred to as sublevel drifts and back, caving, or sublevel slicing, resembles top slicing in that the orebody is worked from the top down, and. Mining progresses downwards while the ore between sublevels is broken overhand with long. Lkab has a history of using sublevel caving at its mines, and throughout the years it has introduced significant improvements to keep production costs at desirable levels. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining methods presentation pdf available february 2014 with 6,898 reads how we measure reads. It can also be used in the extraction of kimberlite. Pdf longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production. This method, otherwise referred to as sublevel drifts and back, caving, or sublevel slicing, resembles top slicing in that the orebody is worked from the top down, and the ore is taken out in horizontal slices. Gravity flow of broken rock in sublevel caving slc state. Sublevel caving and block caving underground mining. Block caving is an underground hard rock mining method that involves undermining an ore body, allowing it.
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